Doppler ultrasound is a specialized form of ultrasound that evaluates blood flow through blood vessels, using sound waves to measure the direction and speed of blood flow. It is often used to assess vascular health and detect blockages or abnormalities.
Shows blood flow direction and velocity using color coding.
Graphically displays blood flow velocities over time.
More sensitive for detecting flow in small or low-flow vessels.
Used in cardiac and vascular studies.
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Checks for narrowed or blocked arteries in limbs.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Detects clots in veins, especially in legs.
Carotid Doppler: Assesses blood flow in carotid arteries supplying the brain.
Renal Doppler: Evaluates blood flow in renal arteries (e.g., in hypertension or kidney disease).
Obstetric Doppler: Monitors fetal blood circulation, umbilical artery, and placenta.
Scrotal/Testicular Doppler: Evaluates varicocele, torsion, or testicular blood flow.
Endoscopic examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope.
Indications: Hematuria, recurrent UTIs, bladder tumors, stricture.
Measures bladder pressure and function during filling and voiding.
Used for: Incontinence, neurogenic bladder, voiding dysfunction.
Non-invasive imaging for kidney stones, hydronephrosis, prostate size, testicular masses.
Blood test for prostate cancer screening or monitoring.>